THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT - Thuamtea Khawlhring, Lunglei

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT

Thuamtea Khawlhring, Lunglei

(Kan ngawi a, kan ngawi zel a, thiam ve lo leh hre ve lo chan kan chang zo ta!)

Amah, kan living literary legend Ramthana pa (Mafaa Hauhnar) tih dan takah, literature temple mawina leh zahawmna venghim tur hi chuan eng eng emaw han sawi ve zauh zauh hi a lo tul dawn a nih hi maw!

Mi thiam an awm a, mi thiam tak tak an awm a, mi thiam emaw inti an awm a; thiam si lo, thiam inti si, larna leh lansarhna thlahlela au vel ruai chi an awm bawk a!

Tunlaiah dik fumfe lo deuh leh dik ziktluak lo deuha thil sawi mai mai leh hrilhfiah nial nual kan ching ta a, Romanticism chungchangah pawh hian thil hriat fuh loh palh a awm theih avangin, a awmzia leh ziarang kan han sawi dawn a ni. Poetry lama tuimite tan chuan chhiar ngei chi a ni ang. (Ka lehkhabu “Awmhar Hnemtu” tih atanga lakchhuah a ni e)

Romantic Movement hi thenkhat chuan The Age of Wordsworth ti pawhin an sawi bawk thin. A Return to Nature tia sawi pawl an awm bawk. A hunlai chu kum 1790 -  1830 inkar vel bawr kha a ni. Hetih hunlai vel hian English literature hian a vawihnih nan par a chhuang leh a ni kan ti thei ang. He hunina ziaktu (phuahtu) lar zual a hrinchhuahte chu, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Scott, Austen, Lamb, De Quincey leh Hazlitt te hi an ni awm e. A then hi chuan hla chu phuah ve bawk mahse, hlaphuahtu an nihna aia thuziakmi an nihna larpui zawk an awm avangin ‘ ziaktu’ tih mai hi ’hlaphuahtute’ tih ai mahin a remchang a, mahse kualkhung chhungah ‘phuahtu’ kan tih hram khi.

Romantic Movement a rawn intan tak takna chu Wordsworth leh Coleridge-te’n an lehkhabu inziahtawm Lyrical Ballad tih, kum 1798-a an tihchhuah atang khan a ni ti ila a sual lovang. He lehkhabuah hian hla phuah dan tur kalhmang leh a hawizawng turte an ziak a, an thu ziak chu anmahni ngeiin a takin an lan tir bawk. He Romanticsm hian Siamtu kutchhuak khuarel thil mawina leh hlutna lam a hawi thuk hle a, mihringte nun leh khuarel thil inzawm dan te, he khawvel hringnun buai so but but lak ata zalenna nena chawlh hahdamna lam kawng tepawh a hawi bawk a ni.  He hunah hi chuan hlaphuahtute leh Siamtu kutchhuak khuarel thilte chu an inlaichin hnaivai leh zual ta a, a luhin an inluhchilh a ni ber mai. Hlain hawilam zimte chauh a nei thin kha Romanticism chuan a su darh a, hlaphuahtute chuan an suangtuahna leh an lunglenna (imagination/fancy) zawng apiangin hlaphuah theihna rilru zalenna an nei ta a ni. An hmalam huna mite’n  hla hawizawng tura ramri an lo kham chu inphuarbehtir duh lovin tih dan thazawk an chingchhuak zel a, he hun atang hi chuan kawng engkimah hla leh a phuahtute an zalen ta ti ila a funkim deuh ber awm e.

An hmalam huna mite duh dan leh ngaih dan an zawm lo han tih hian, azawngazain an thlauthla tihna a ni lova, mahni duh anga hla phuah theihna rilru zalenna an pu ta zawk tihna a ni. Romanticism  hian Age of Reason hunlaia mite ngaihdan zimte, thil a nihna tak tak chauh (reality) buaipuina leh, thil  hi a chhan leh vang (reason) chhutna lama lunglenna kha a duh lo hle a. He thil pahnih, reality leh reason ai hian fancy leh imagination (khahliamna leh suangtuahna) a ngaipawmawh zawk a. Thuneihna (authority) leh lalna (ruler) rikngawt mai atchilha khati lam hawi chauha hla phuah tur tih ngaihdan te kha paihin, mimal zalenna leh mihring nihna diktak hai chhuah kawngah te an lo ramtangin chutiang chu an lo chawilar ta zawk a. Hla thu ken laimu leh, chu a thuken puanchhuahna tawngkamte chu a pawimah hle a ni tih ngaih dan an nei a; hla chu mahni veizawng leh lunglen zawng apiang puanchhuahnan a phuah theih a ni tia mimal zalenna leh a hla zalenna a paw chhuak hi romanticism ziarang ropui tak a ni.

He zalenna boruaka chang Romanticism nunpuitu English valrualho chuan an lunglen zawng apiang mai chu hlain an han puangchhuak ta mai a le, mi thinlung ram an la nasain English literature chu par an chhuan tir leh ta vuah mai a ni. Par chhuan vawikhatna hunlaia hlaphuah thiamte zingah pawh Shakespeare chauh lo chuan an hmuh thiam loh leilung mawina te chu anni chuan an hmu thiam mai ni lovin a parzu an dawt a, hla an phuah chhan kur ngiai nguai a. Hla tawngkam hman chungchangah leh versification (hla ruhrel/thawmmawl) duan dang chungchangah an ngaihdan a zau hle a, mimalah  thui tak an nghat a ni. Hemi thuah hian Wordsworth phei chu a kal thui fal hle a, hlaa tawngkam un pui pui hman kher hi tul a ti lova, metrical versification pawh hi a ngaipawimawh tehchiam lo. He’ng a ngaih dante hi Coleridge chuan a tawmpui ve loh thu Biographia Literaria tih buah a ziak nghe nghe a ni. German philosopher Kant leh French Revolution te khan Romanticism-ah hian huhang an nei lian hle tih hi hriat a tha bawk awm e.

Romantic Movement hunlaia literary form lama hmasawnna langsar zualte lo sawi ila. Lyric an phuah nasa em em a, lyric tan chuan hun rangkachak a ni hial awm e. A meter leh rhyme chungchangah chuan tih dan pangngai zui tlangpui mahse a hawi zawngah thung chuan hak an zauh nasa hle. A thawh hlawk zualpute chu, Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats leh Coleridge-te an ni. Descriptive leh narrative poem lamah pawh an hausa hle a, Spenserian stanza an hmangrim  hle a, kawihher pawh an kuaiher nasa hle. Ballad pawh an phuah hnem hle a, hei pawh hi an thlifim nual bawk.  Blank Verse lamah chuan Wordsworth-a kutchhuak The Prelude hi a langsar hle. Satire lamah pawh kutchhuak an nei tha hle a, French Revolution hlimchhawn a ni bawk a, a hriam ang reng hlawm phian. Byron-a kutchhuak Masque of Anarchy tih te hi entirna thatak an ni.

Literary style lama an hmasawnna leh thil inthlakthlelng langsar tak pakhat chu, hmanlai tih dan phung zui ngawr ngawrna (mannerism ) aiin thu mawlmang te te an hmang duh zawk leh tawngkauchheh mawi (diction) an ngaipawimawh hle mai kha a ni. An hla thu han chhiar ila, Shelley leh Coleridge-te chuan thu mawl te te hman an ching hle tih kan hmu a; Keats vethung  chu tawngkam tih mawi tumna lamah a tlan thui lu hrat em ni chu aw a tih theih a ni.

Romantic Movement-ah hian hla chi hrang hrang (poetic genre hrang hrang) an phuah hnem hle a, ode pawh Pindaric Ode ringawta an thlarau nghat tawh lovin an thlifim hle a, Sonnet lamah pawh an duai lo hle. Hetih hunlaia hla lar deuh deuh leh a metrical versification tarlan tum ila kan tangkaipui ngeiin a rinawm, sawi erawh chu kan sawivek seng lovang. An hlaphuah kan tih hian, thenkhat chu hla malkhai hming nilovin a bu (hlabu) hming tepawh a ni thin tih kan sawi tawh kha hrereng ila a tha awm e.

Wordsworth-a kutchhuak langsar zingah chuan, Coleridge  nena an inziahtawm Lyrical Ballad te, The Prelude (1805) te, An Evening Walk (1793) te, The Excursion (1814) te, The Wagonner (1819) te,Yarrow Revisited (1835) te leh The Borderers (1842) te hi an tel a. A hla lar tak Lucy hi a rhyme scheme chu abab a ni a, chang khatah tlar li zel a awm. Tlar khatah thumal lamrik paruk leh pariat nei a hman karthlak a ni. Three Years She Grew tih thung chu chang khata tlar ruk awm chia phuahin a rhyme scheme chu aabccb a ni. Tlar 3-na leh tlar 6-na zelah thumal lam 6 zel a hmang a, a tlar dang zawngah chuan thumal lam 8 vek a hman a ni.

Sonnet 400 chuang lai phuahtu Wordsworth-a hi sonnet phuah hnem berte zinga mi a ni awm e. A sonnet tamtakah chuan uluk takin Petrarchan type emaw Shakespearean form emaw a zui lemlova, Scorn Not the Sonnet tih tepawh kan en chuan a rhyme scheme chu abba abba cdcd ee a ni daih mai. Surprised by Joy tih pawh, abba abba cde dec a ni ve thova ni. A lyric lartak, The Solitary Reaper chu, chang tina tlar riat awmin chang li a phuah a. Changtina tlar lina zelah thumal lam rik paruk a hmang tih loh chu, lam rik pariat theuh a hmang. A rhyme scheme chu abab cc dd a ni.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge-a kutchhuak larzual zingah chuan, Poems on Various Subject (1797-1800) te, Christabel (1797-1800) te, Kubla Khan (1798) te, Dejection(Ode, 1802) te leh criticism rawngkai Biographia Literaria te hi kan hriat lar deuhte an ni awm e. A hla ropui Ancient Mariner hi a rhyme scheme chu abba ca a ni a, thumal lam 5,6 leh 7-te a in hman chhawk a ni. Kubla Khan thung chu Irregular rhyme (rhyme fumfe lo) niin, Christabel chu lam rik sang (accent) pali zel nei chiin tlar tin a duang a. Thumal lam rik 7 atnga 11 thlengin a hmanpawlh nawk a, a rhyme scheme pawh a mumal vak lova, abbc bcee leh abab ccde dee te a hmang a ni.

Lord Byron-a kutchhuak zingah chuan Chile Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812) te, Hours of Idleness (1807) te, The Giaour (1813) te, The Bride of Abydos 1813) te;, The Corsaic (1813) te, Lara( 1814),  The Seize of Corinth (1815) te leh Parisina (1815) te hi an lar hle. Sattire a phuah/ziah ropuitak pahnih Vision of Judgement leh Don Juan-te hi Ottova Rima ang chia phuah/ziah an ni a. A hla pakhat The Isle of Greece chu chang tina tlar ruk awmin thumal lam riat theuh  a hmang a, a rhyme scheme chu abab cc a ni.

‘Aw, virthileng, thlasik a lo thawt tawh chuan nipui pawhin  a zui ngei dawn lo’mni?’ ( O wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?) tih thu lar tak mai rawn chhep chhuaktu Percy Bysshe Shelley hian hlaphuah chauh nilovin  Drama ziah tepawh a thiam hle. Prometheus Unbound  (1818-1819) hi Lyric leh Drama inpawlha ziah a ni a, The Cenci (1819) erawh chu Drama hlang a ni thung. Ode lama a kutchhuak hi keini chuan amah kan hriat larna ber a ni awm e. An hunlai hi chuan Pindaric Ode ai mahin Horation Ode an chawilar zawk a, chu pawh chu an siksawi kual ang reng hle.

Shelley hi a tir lamah chuan a kutchhuak a ningnel ve ang reng viau a, Queen Male (1813) ang te chu meter leh rhyme pawh nei lo, Southey-a tih dan entawna a phuah a ni. A kutchhuak lar zual zingah chuan Blank Verse-a a ziah Alastor, The Spirit of Solitude (1816) te, Laon and Cynthia (1817) te, The Revolt of Islam (1818) te, Julian and Maddalo (1818) te, The Masque of Anarchy (1819) te, The Witch of Atlas(1820) te leh Epipsychidion (1821) te hi a tel. A sangawizawnpui John Keats-a’n a boralsan tak avanga amah sun nan a phuah Adonais hi elegy lar ber pawl a tling awm e. Changtinah tlar 9 zel a awm a, a tlar tawp berah thumal lam rik 12 zel a hmang tih loh chu lam rik sawm theuh an ni. Chumi awmzia chu Spenserian Stanza a ni tih kan hre mai awm e. A rhyme scheme chu abab cdc ee tiin kan sawi thei ang.

A ode phuah ropui Ode to the West Wind hi chang tina tlar 14 zel awmin chang 5 a phuah a. Tlar tawp pahnih zel hi couplet-a phuahin, tlar 12-na chin zawng chu triplet-in a phuah thung a. A rhyme scheme chu aba cc a ni. Tlar khatah thumal lam 10 a hmang tlangpui a, 11 leh 12 a hmang zauh zauh bawk. Hetih hunlaia an hlaphuah tamzawkah hian metrical verse form-ah iambic pentameter an hmang tlanglawn hle.Shelley-a lyric lar tak To a Skylark-ah hian chang tinah tlar 5 zel a awm a, tlar khatna leh tlar thumnaah thumal lam ruk zel a hman laiin tlar hnihna leh tlar linaah chuan thumal lam nga zel a hmang thung a. A tlar tawp ber zelah erawh chuan thumal lam 12 zel a hmang. A rhyme scheme chu aba cc a ni.

‘Thilmawi hi hlimna chuai thei lo a ni’ (A thing of beauty is a joy forever) rawn tichhuaktu John Keats hi, he khawvelah hian kum 26 chauh cham mahse khawvelin a theihnghilh ngai loh tur khawpa a damlaini hmang tha leh English poet ropuiber pawla chhiar tel ni phak a ni a. A nun atang hian zirtur kan ngah hle. Kum 18 mi chauh a nih laiin Imitation of Spenser (1813) tih a lo phuah daih tawh a. Kum 1817 khan Poems tih a ziak leh a, hetah hian On First Looking Into Chapman’s Homer tih hla a tel nghe nghe. Hlaphuah lamah hmasawn ve viaua inngaiin, kum 1818 khan Endymion a tichhuak leh a. Mahse, rin phak miah lovin he a hlaphuah tihchhuahna lehkhabu hian sawisel a hlawh nasa ta mai a, chung’ng an sawiselnate chu a tuar zo lo a achha a ni ber e. Mi thenkhat phei chuan a thih hma na chhan niin an ngai hial bawk. A entawn tlakna lai chu, hetia namenlova sawisel a hlawh chung hian a tha a thlah chuang hauh lo hi a ni. Pa inti fing pui pui leh inti hre thuk tak takte finna leh hriatna hi huaisenna leh tumruhna nen su tlang lo sela chuang English poet ropui a ni pha hauh lovang. Inkiltawih hlek lovin a kum leh 1819 maiah chuan The Eve of St. Agnes a ti chhuak leh ta mai reng a, John Keats chu tunge a nih khawvelin a la hre dawn chauh a ni.

Quarterly Review leh Blackwoods Magazine-te thu chhuah hriam tak takin a ah chhum zawh loh John Keats-a hla pakhat The Eve of St. Agnes tih hi narrative poem mawi tak mai a ni a. Chang khata tlar 9 zel awmin, tlar tinah thumal lam 10 zel a hmang a.A chang tawpber erawh chu thumal lam  12 hlirin a phuah thung. A rhyme scheme chu abab cdc ee a ni. Sawi tawh ang khan, hetiang chi poem hi Spenserian stanza tiin  an sawi thin. He stanza kalphung pangngai (standard) rhyme chu abab bcb cc a ni a, mahse a sakal diakin an zui thlap thlap lem lo tih The Eve of St.Agnes atang pawh hian a hriat theih awm e. Keats-a hla dang lar tak Isabella chu Octtava Rima chia phuah a ni a, chu chu chang khata tlar 8 awm chi leh a rhyme scheme pawh abab abcc a ni tlangpui. Meter-ah chuan iambic pentameter a ni deuh zel bawk.

 Kum 1795-a rawn piang leh kum 1821-a thi ta John Keats hian ‘a thing of beauty is a joy forever’tih thu mawi hmanga poem tlar sangli zet Endymion hla hma a hruai bakah, chatuan thu nung “Beauty is truth, truth is beauty” tih tawngkam mawi elkhen Ode on a Grecian Urn-ah rawn chhamchhuak lehin, a hla tlar dang zawng zawng tel hauh lo pawhin he’ng sentence pahnih chauh hmang pawh hian thu-leh-hla khawelah a hming a lo nemkai tawh reng reng a. Beauty is truth, truth is beauty tih chu Mawina hi thudik a ni a, thudik hi mawina a ni tihna a ni mai ang chu. A ode phuah tamzawk rhyme scheme-ah chuan abab cde cde a hmang ber a, Grecian Urn-ah hian tlar khatah thumal lam 10 a hmang a, iambic pentameter a ni. Tlar khatna atang tlar lina thleng chu Shakespearean Sonnet ang chiin a phuah ber a, a dang tlar ruk la awm te chu Petrarchan Sonnet type-in a phuah thin.

Ode-ah hian tlar khata thumal a hman zat a inang vek lemlova, Ode to Psyche-ah chuan tlar khatah thumal lam 4, 6, 11, 12 leh 18 te a hman pawlh nuai a; Ode to a Nightingale-ah chuan chang tina tlar riatna zel chu thumal lam 6 hlirin a phuah bawk.Ode to Autumn-ah chuan chang khatah tlar 10 ni lovin tlar 11 zel a hmang tlat bawk. A ode seizawng hi a inang vek lem lova, Ode on Indolence chu tla 60 a nih lain Ode to Autumn chu tlar 33 a ni thung a ni.

Poet dang ang bawkin Sonnet chungchangah pawh tih dan phung pangngai (standard form) a zui thlap thlap lem lova. Zotawnga poem (poery) kan phuah ve a nih pawhina bikima standard form kan zui theih loh avanga a dik love tih chi a ni lo maithei. Entirnan, Keats-a sonnet pakhat On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer tih chu abba acca ded ede daih a ni a, mahse a dik lo tih ngawt chi a ni lo. Poet ropui ho kutchhuakah hian heting chi hi a tam mai. Kan phuah ve duh hunah pawh kan inthlahrun lutuk loh nan han sawi belh hlek ila. Rhyme scheme chungchangah hian, tlar tawp  thumal lamrik chu a inang tur a nih lain, inang lo hman pawh an ching ve hle. Entirnan, When I Have Fear That I May Cease to be tih hlaah chuan, tlar khatna ‘to be’ tia a tawp lain, a rhyme siamna lai tur tlar thumnaah chuan ‘charact’ry’tiin a tawp daih mai a, ‘a’ ve ve emaw ‘b’ ve ve emaw chu ni thei lo awm tak a ni.

To Homer tih Sonnet-ah pawh hian tlar hnihna chu ‘cyclades’ tia a tawp laiin, a rhyme siamna lai tur tlar lina tawpna chu ‘seas’ tih a ni thung a. ‘Des’ tih leh seas tih hi lo pawmzam thei pawh ni ila, a pachhiat thlak ve lek lekin a lang. Avang chu triple rhyme leh single rhyme a la kawp tlat a ni. Heting bawk hian tlar 13-na leh 14-na in rhyme ngei ngei turah pawh ‘befel’ tih leh ‘hell’ tih a hmang leh bawk! Thil diklo hulhual phei zawng a ni hauh lova, midang hlaphuahah pawh heting hi tam tak a awm kan tih tawh kha; mahse a nalh zat lo deuh chu a ni. A sonnet pakhat Bright Star-ah pawh a in rhyme tur lai tlar 9-na leh tlar 11-naah chuan ‘unchangeable’ leh ‘full and swell’ a hmang ve leh tlat bawk a ni.

Accented leh unaccented (stress leh unstress, lam rik uar leh uar loh) chungchangah pawh tihdan pangngai atanga han pen zauh an ching ve hle. Syllabel hman zat tur bituk lam aia accent (lam rik uar dan)lam ngaihpawimawh zawkna avanga syllable chuang emaw kim ta lo emaw hmuh tur tam tak a awm. Chutiang te te chu an hming bik (prosodic name/term) an la vuah hrang leh thliah a, hypermetric te an ti a, catalectic te, enjambement te, a tam mai. A tawplama hrilhfiahnaah kan la sawifiah ang.

Romantic Movement chungchangah sawi tur tam tak la awm mahse, a history hrim hrim zuk zir tum kan nih loh avngin kalsan tawh mai ila, a dawt leh hun (period) The Victorian Age lamah i pakai thung tawh teh ang. (Hei hi a dawt leh atan aw)

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ZO TUNGCHAW